Lance was one of my Advanced Open Water students this weekend.

Thank you Lance for putting this video up on YouTube!

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Before I proceed, please understand and be assured that I am not medically trained – this is not a medical opinion and by all means, please consult a medical professional for advice regarding scuba diving and multiple sclerosis.

All the information I have gleaned is from the internet, the Hyperbaric Unit at the Devonport Naval Base and her doctor is quoted as such.
Jasmine waited a year after her diagnosis – to ensure she was symptom free – before receiving the final medical clearance to start a scuba diving course.

Firstly, I knew hardly anything at all about Multiple Sclerosis.  Basically nothing at all.

I went online and read the definitions of MS.

MS is a disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves.

The CNS is responsible for our conscious and unconscious functioning, including movement and the response to sensations such as sight, touch and hearing. It directs these functions by sending its instructions in the form of electrical impulses to the appropriate sites along nerve fibres.

Nerve fibres are coated in a protective insulating covering called the myelin sheath—this serves a very similar function to the coating around electrical wires. Myelin is important in speeding electrical conduction along nerve fibres and in insulating nerve fibres from one another.

The term multiple sclerosis refers to multiple areas of scarring (sclerosis) scattered throughout the brain and spinal cord. These scars are the result of healing patches of inflammation that are the basic cause of damage to nerve fibres and of the suddenly appearing symptoms that are referred to as an attack, exacerbation or relapse.

Patches of inflammation heal spontaneously over several weeks or months when symptoms may resolve completely or residual impairment may result, if they do not.

The inflammation causes damage particularly to the insulating myelin sheath covering nerve fibres, but also damages the nerve fibres (axons) themselves.

In MS, the typical damage is often referred to as “demyelination”. The nature of the symptoms and their severity depends partly on the site of the patch of inflammation (or lesion) and partly on its nature and intensity.

The course of MS varies widely from person to person. Some people will only ever experience mild symptoms over their lifetime while others will have relapses followed by incomplete remission when disability may worsen in a stepwise fashion with each relapse experienced. A number of people experience slowly progressive, worsening of disability over many months or years. There is uncertainty how much of this progressive process is due to low-grade inflammation and how much to loss of previously damaged nerve fibres.

Source : The Multiple Sclerosis Society of New Zealand

Jasmine had talked to quite a few dive shops in her local area – most said that they could not train her, the others not so sure , and one even saying that she should have kept it quiet.
I could not believe this when I heard it!  Firstly, Jasmine had waited a whole year – until she had been symptom free – until she had the Medical Statement completed, and secondly, MS symptoms can be so similar to DCS, why would a reputable dive shop want this to not be disclosed to both Instructors and Buddies?
Global Dive said we would train her.  And that meant that we would train her properly – with all the information that we had available.

I then went to see if I could find some information on how and what effects scuba diving has on MS and what effects MS has on scuba diving.
I had read the letter that Jasmine’s doctor had sent along with her required Medical Statement.

There is no evidence that diving in itself has an effect on the disease.

• About 20 years ago an unsuccessful effort was made to treat MS with hyperbaric oxygen. Patients neither suffered nor benefited from this treatment series.
• Persons with MS are advised not to exercise to the point of exhaustion and to avoid becoming chilled or overheated. Diving candidates with MS should respect that advice.
• In each individual case, consider whether the candidate can handle the physical load and master the water skills. Diving candidates should talk to their neurologist about diving.

Source : Divers Alert Network

And the accompanying letter from her doctor was quite concise :

The above named has taken a full Entry Level SCUBA Dive Medial to AS 4005.1 and is considered fit to dive with the following rider.

Dive Instructors and Buddy Divers should be aware of her history of multiple sclerosis.

This is not a contra-indication to compressed gas, SCUBA and surface supplied breathing apparatus diving or even breath hold diving but represents a potential threat in that the symptoms and signs of multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis are very similar to decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism.  Any neurological symptoms within 24 hours of surfacing from a dive must be considered dysbaric and managed by referral for therapeutic decompression.
Multiple sclerosis would not cause a sudden underwater problem.

Multiple sclerosis is often a relapsing condition but the diagnosis in her personal case is not well established and it is probable there will be no recurrences.  If there are, she should not dive for a year following resolution of symptoms.

The plan was to teach Jasmine to scuba dive – and to train her along with her husband, who was a certified Rescue Diver.
While of course, training the other two students who were signed up to the course along with her.

The first pool session went well.
Swims and floats (treading water) were relatively easy for everybody and the water keeps everyone nice and cool.
When the time came to start putting equipment together, Jasmines fingers were a little shaky which only caused a problem with attaching the low pressure inflator hose to the BCD.
Showing her how to do this by using her leg as a stabliser for her fingers holding the pinch clip so she could insert the BCD attachment, and then detaching it and letting her do it herself sorted that little problem out easily.

For the second pool session, we were completing deep water entries.
This was a little more difficult so we looked at seated entries – and later at gearing up in the water when it was too deep to stand.

My observations here are mainly around heat and muscle strength.
Getting geared up and moving into the water is quite imperative.  If a diver with MS gets too hot, they can feel “woolly” or start to feel something similar to pins and needles – especially in the fingers (from what I understand).
Looking at ways to lessen the time spent standing around in full scuba gear is really important.

For the Open Water dives, we headed up north and did a day at Matheson Bay.
The weather report was fabulous however when we arrived, there was a little easterly swell that should have dropped off. We geared up and headed down to the beach. Once in the water, the swell was a little stronger than I expected however everyone agreed we could head out. Open Water Dive One is an underwater tour – no skills, just looking. The visibility was pretty yuck so after 45 mins, we came back in.

Trying to get the girls up the beach was difficult. Difficult and not enjoyable.
During our surface interval, the girls made it pretty clear that they didn’t want to do Dive Two there – which was not a problem (we can complete three training dives in a day) so we decided to complete Two, Three and Four in Lake Pupuke the following day.

The next day went really well.
The only issue – not even a big issue – was the weight of the equipment that Jasmine was wearing and by the end of the day she was (we all were) pretty tired. A very very successful course!

It just goes to show, we humans are amazing creatures.
We can spend days talking ourselves out of being able to do and achieve all sorts of things. But when we really put our minds to it, we can talk ourselves into those same things in a matter of minutes.

Great attitudes, the support of our friends and family and a willingness to succeed means that we can all accomplish anything that we set our sights on.

“You cannot plough a field by turning it over in your mind” ….. Author Unknown.

For more information :

• Multiple sclerosis presenting as neurological decompression sickness in a U.S. Navy diver

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And most of them are still causing me trouble  – we are still out diving (even though its the middle of winter) and they are completing Advanced Open Water, Specialties and Rescue Diver certifications.

So I have dropped the videos that Johan took while they were completing their skills in the Lake into this post.
For posterity.  And to show them how far they have come … and how proud I am of them.

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Most technical divers do all of their own checks.
They may ask for assistance but will generally ask that you do not touch their equipment in any way.

A simple buddy check uses 5 steps, performed together as a team before entering the water – as follows:

1.  BCD
Inflate your BCD fully – until you hear the over-inflate valve vent.

Johan and Jono before starting Pre Dive Safety Checks

Then check all your dump valves.  Shoulder, rear, on the inflator hose if you have one.  Ensure you know where they are and how to reach them.  Remember that air is lazy and will always escape from the highest point so you may need to use a different dump at different stages of the dive.

2.  Weights

Check that your weight belt is on or that your weight pockets are in the BCD (if you have integrated weights).

3.  Releases
Check the release clips on your buddy’s BCD.  Are they pinch clips or push clips?
Check to see if there is a drysuit hose to release, or a crotch strap.  Is there any other equipment that you may need to know how to remove.
At this stage, turn your buddy around and check that the tank band is secured.  Also check that the hoses and equipment is not tangled in any way.
Finally check that the tank is on.  Generally it will turn back (to the left)

4.  Air
Holding your gauges in front of you, take a few breaths from your regulators.  Watch the needle on the gauge.  It should not waver in any way (the tank may not be fully on) and the needle should not drop!
Know how to release your buddy’s alternate air source and take a few breaths from it.

5.  Final check
Ensure you have your mask, fins and snorkel.
Also check to see that you have all the equipment you want on the dive (camera, torch, slates etc).

As a last check, ask yourself and your buddy if you are ready to do this dive.

Remember that any diver can call out of a dive at any time – without peer pressure.  If it does not feel right, don’t dive.
There is always another day to dive.

When I am teaching, the PADI manuals use BWRAF – Begin With Review And Friend.
I like to use Blonde Women Really Are Fun – or for the kids, Burgers With Relish And Fries.

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Alan, John and Nickie all got on really well right from the very beginning.
And then when Nickie’s husband Pete (a certified Rescue Diver) joined us for the pool session on the Thursday night, a team was created.

The first pool session was a cracker.
I tweeted at the time that it was basically the BEST pool session ever.
Quite relaxing, lots of laughs, we trucked through all of the skills that we needed to and also headed into the depths of the Olympic Pool for some swimming around and buoyancy practice.
After the pool session (and the rinsing and hanging up of gear) the tradition of a beer or two at Swashbucklers began.

Week Two and things were a little bit tougher.
Nickie got a bit too hot.  Waiting on the side of the pool with all of her gear on was a bit more strenuous so we got into improvisation mode.  Looking at different ways of entering and gearing up however when we headed down to the deeper end of the pool and completed our descent, she was not comfortable on the bottom and wanted to surface.  After ensuring she was okay, I worked with the guys.
We still headed off to Swashbucklers for a beer post pool – where the guys convinced her to come back next week and to carry on.
And to have 2 students completing Confined Water 4/5 and one student completing Confined Water 2/3 when you have a great Divemaster, well its just not an issue.
So she agreed to jump back in the pool again next week and to carry on.

Week Three and we had a great plan on how to best maximise our time.
Bronson – our Divemaster – was working with John and Alan on No-Mask Breathing while I got Nickie caught up on fin pivots.  But the plan didnt quite go so well.  Long story short, Nickie wasnt comfortable so she surfaced and worked on sitting in the water, balance and breathing through her snorkel with no mask on.
John and Alan and I finished their confined water skills and we all headed back to the shop together.

Not once did anyone make anyone else feel bad for the skills that they had trouble with.

Divers ready for Open Water Dive One

There was no doubt that Nickie (and her husband Pete) wouldn’t be there on the weekend that John and Alan (joined by Melissa and Jono) completed their Open Water dives).

Saturday morning dawned a beautiful morning.

We packed up the cars – along with a couple more certified divers – and headed up to Matheson Bay.

We had a Scuba Saturday day out on the beach.  With bread rolls and quiches and yummies from the Matakana Bakery.

Nickie took a whole lot of photos and snorkeled above the guys while they were completing their skills.

Pete and Nickie on the BBQ

This morning we were off to the lake.

Once we had completed our two dives – with no problems at all – I texted Nickie to say we were heading back to the shop and her and Pete met us there …….. with Garlic Prawns! and Steak! and cheesy rolls.  Oooooooh yea!

This course is quite possibly the most fun I have ever had teaching.
And it was all down to the divers.

From here, Alan is off back to the U.K, John will be diving on the Great Barrier Reef – and Nickie and I will be completing her Open Water dives at Easter.

WILL BE.
Thats right.  We are going to nail this and we know that both the guys will be supporting her from where ever they are.

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Sheila had emailed Global Dive about obtaining her PADI Open Water certificate while her and her husband were traveling through New Zealand.
Sheila is from Scotland and had been spending some time with BSAC divers in the swimming pool – and we had been emailing before her and her husband arrived in New Zealand so I knew how absolutely keen she was.
Sheila is a lovely lady.  She has a real go-get-em attitude when it comes to making the most of her life.
She had decided that after many years of pain, then an operation and recovery, that now was the time to learn to scuba dive.

The ultimate goal was to spend Friday and Saturday completing the theory and the confined water dives and then we were going to head up to the Poor Knights Islands Marine Reserve on Sunday and we were going out with Yukon Charters.

So Friday morning, we started off on theory – bright and early.
And it was very early for Sheila!  She had not long arrived in New Zealand.  We cracked through half of the theory and then headed down to the pool.  And the same again for Saturday.
We didnt quite get Confined Session 4 and 5 finished, however it was enough to pack the car and to head up to the Poor Knights to complete Open Water Dives One and Two.
And I think that was the result we were going for – to get out into the ocean and to spend some time diving in our most amazing Marine Reserve.

There were a couple of things that we thought might make us change things around a little – firstly, Sheila is 71 and rather slight.
But we had equipment to fit, PADI allows us to alter the skill as long as the performance requirement was met – and there was no other problem there.
Secondary to that, Sheila has an artificial hip.  And where I thought this might mean that it weighed more – no.
Not one itty bit.  The hip was extremely buoyant!  It took us a little while in the pool to wriggle some weights around to get things comfortable – but we got there in the end.
One thing I try to convey to my students – or hopefully something that I try and help them understand – is not to put too much pressure on themselves.  Just to slow down, relax and talk themselves into skills and practice – not out of it.

After finishing up relatively early on Saturday, we headed back to the shop and all took off having most things ready for the next day.

Sunscreen and Hats on 'Arrow'

We met up at Global Dive on Sunday morning at 6am – Bronson our Divemaster was driving us to Tutukaka – we loaded the truck and took off.  The sun came up on the journey north and it was looking like a great day!

We arrived at ‘Arrow’ and started loading our gear.
We had a wonderful welcome from Noel and Jo – and Paulie.
And we lathered on the sunscreen.
On board was Mary – who is another older lady diver and her and Sheila hit it off wonderfully.
Tea, coffee, biscuits, lollies and we were at Marys Wall for the first dive.

While we were anchoring up, gearing up and generally mucking around, we could see the sand on the bottom – of the Sand Gardens.  Dive! Tutukaka were anchored up to our port side and they had all their kayaks over board with snorkelers and divers all over the show.  Oh yes!  It was shaping up to be a great day.

We waited for the boat to clear and then geared up and headed over the side for weight checks.
We needed to do another weight check – for ocean diving as opposed to the pool – and also to make sure that the arrangement we had made worked well in the ocean with the floaty hip.
It took a bit of wiggling around for the descent and we headed off.
I have to say a HUGE thank you to my Divemaster – Bronson – who was brilliant!  He spent the whole day right next to Sheila, not crowding her (well I don’t think so), but watching me, flicking from side to side depending on where we needed him.  Hopefully he had a good dive too!

We did not make it all the way to Marys Wall.  There was a little lift at the site so we spent a good half an hour cruising down and around the boulders before the wall – watching the Trevally flicking past us and inspecting the Black Angelfish.

During our surface interval we took a trip into Riko Riko Cave.
Noel blew his horn – a beautifully carved Maori horn that his wife Jo found on a dive up in the back of the cave – and he told us stories of the bands and the singers (and possible submarines) that have been in that cave.

Our second dive was going to be at Magic Wall.
When you can stand on the back of the boat and see the bottom of Magic Wall – its going to be a great dive!

We geared up and all headed down the anchor line.  We settled over the rocks in the bay and then I led us down to Magic Wall.
With 15-20m visibility and hundreds and hundreds of fish, we spent a nice half an hour cruising backwards and forwards – watching all the demoiselles and the angelfish, the moray eels and the scorpionfish, the clown nudibranchs and the last remaining blue bell turnicates on the walls.

A spectacular last dive of the day followed up with steaming mugs of soup from Noel and Paulie.

A big thanks to Bronson for carrying everything – and I mean everything!  And driving.
Sheila said “for a scary tattooed man, he’s a gentle soul” and thats true, he is.  But I also know that he really enjoyed spending time with Sheila too.

Thank you to Noel and Mary for being so welcoming.  And to Paulie for all the space he made for us.

Some more photographs from my iPhone on the day – and some of the scenes and sea life that we saw are in the Picasa Slideshow below :

Sheila Dives the Poor Knights Islands Marine Reserve	Sheila dives the Poor Knights

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Very pleased with my progress so far this year – a big thanks goes to Andrew and Anna at Global Dive who showed me the right way (and the easy way) to do things and who have given me lots of opportunities to teach .. and not just Open Water.

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We had it planned for a couple of months as Monday (today) is Anna’s birthday.
Andrew and Anna and I were all on the trip and were all doing teaching of some sorts.
Andrew had a Digital Photography Specialty, Anna was teaching the Deep Specialty – and her student was also completing his Nitrox (Enriched Air) Specialty with me.
Three students, three instructors, three courses; everybody knows that good things come in packages of three.  Actually I just made that up but it sounds good enough to me.

The weather report had not been looking so great – but we headed up to Tutukaka anyway.
Sunday was looking awesome and if that was to be the case, then we were prepared for anything that Saturday threw at us.
Besides, Pacific Hideaway is a wonderfully stable catamaran and Mark’s seen worse, of that I am sure.

The trip out on Saturday actually was not too bad.  It was a little bumpy in places but did not take us any longer than normal.  We were going to get the opportunity to dive the eastern side of the islands though – and this was exciting as we have not been able to do this for quite some time with the easterly swells coming through.

We headed up to Barren Arch and geared up.
Both Anna and I were diving our twinsets and our student, Eddie, was packing a 15L steel tank and my 5L stage cylinder.  We completed gas analysis and programmed our computers correctly and worked through the dive plan.
A standard 32% mix in Anna’s and my twinsets, a 35% mix in Eddies backgas and a 40% mix in my stage cylinder – which shall now be referred to as Eddies for the course of the weekend.

Our maximum depth on this dive was 30m and we were going to compare gauges to see what the difference in readings were at depth.  The plan was also to swim out the southern end of the arch and up in to the back of the bay for our safety stop if everyone had enough gas (100 bar or more) at the arch exit.
Over the side we headed and we swam over the lip and down into the archway.
The light and visibility was amazing.  As we descended down to the bottom of the archway at around 16m, I noticed a carpet shark tucked into the rocks.  We had a little look at him and then headed off.
We compared our depth gauge readings and headed to the exit of the arch.  Another carpet shark came cruising towards us – looking like a grumpy old man.  We all had more than 100 bar so we headed around the exit of the arch and back into the bay.
Around the corner Anna came across 4 crayfish.  The one in the middle – pushing the others to the outside – was a mega packhorse crayfish.  I would have loved to have taken my camera on that dive!

Dive Two was at Hope Point – which is down the bottom of the group of islands and on a corner which sometimes has quite a bit of current.  Again we were heading deeper, maximum depth 28m.
We were taking items down to see how they were affected by pressure.
I packed an empty water bottle, Pete’s neoprene hood and a packet of Cheezels (cheezy corn snacks) into a mesh bag.  Want to guess which one was the most buoyant?  In fact so buoyant that I considering swimming back to the boat for another kilo?  …. Cheezels!!  Which got me wondering what happens to your tummy when you eat them.

Anywhooo .. the dive went really smoothly – and we saw a lot of marine life on the dive.
Another carpet shark but this time tucked into the rocks with only its tail sticking out, quite a few short tail stingrays (which proves that the water is warming up and summer is on its way), two diademas and a sharp nosed pufferfish – or toado.  And it did not take off in a hurry but stuck around long enough for Anna and I to get a good look at it.

I skipped out on the next dive.
Eddie had completed his practical exercises and his exam for his Nitrox certification and I all of a sudden fell out of the lazy tree.  I was planning on having a night dive so I did not feel too bad about it.
Then it was night dive time … but little Miss Anna sauntered over and tempted me with wine.  So we decided that instead of a night dive, we would dive to the bottom of a bottle of bubbles in celebration of her coming birthday.  And then it was dinner time, and then we had cake.  And before I knew it I was in bed —-

And then it was Sunday morning!
We moved out of South Harbour pretty quickly and headed up to Cream Gardens.
I dived with Pete Snooks and Francois and we headed over board pretty quickly in search of bronze whalers.

Now a side note :
I have a Sea&Sea strobe – a YS-27.  It has a turn lock on the battery compartment.
Somehow, not knowing my own brute strength, I had forced the lock past the point where it was creating a seal.  And I was devastated.  I removed the strobe arm from my housing and base for the weekend and resigned myself to taking video (as the flash on the Sea&Sea DX1200 is poxy compared to the strobe)

So the boys and I headed down the wall at Cream Gardens.  Pete and Francois were on a mission but I slowed down a bit – I don’t like descending too rapidly, I prefer to cruise down to my maximum depth over 10 or so minutes.  I started taking video at around 32m and noticed it was jumping all over the show so that also slowed me down.

I always love the early morning dive. Its my favourite of the trip.
Floating around in the early morning light … the fishes are darting around having breakfast … a new day begins.
I was lying on my back being a dork and watching Pete and Francois above me – I wasnt looking where I was going ……

Packing my twin 10L’s and being slightly more conservative than Pete and Francois meant that they buggered off back to the boat after about 30 mins and I spent the rest of the dive floating around the wall and cruising into the bay.
I attempted to take a couple of photographs but without the flash .. well they were not flash.
I contented myself by practicing trim and buoyancy and completing valve drills under the boat – they are so much easier with my new manifold and valves and I am quite comfortable stepping through the process.

Gold Ribbon Grouper / Photograph courtesy of seafriends.org

Once we were all back on board and had filled our tummies with bacon and eggs and baked beans and toast, we headed off down Tawhiti Rahi to Cave Bay.
I went for another dive with Pete and Francois and as Pete wanted to duck through the swim-through below 40m, Francois and I pottered along the wall at 32m and found another swim-through.
Again I was swearing at myself for not having a working strobe as sitting there in the swim-through was a beautiful gold ribbon grouper.

At the other side of the swim-through, I gave Pete my camera and asked him to video me going back through it towards the boat.  Lets just say that he videoed me, from my waist to my knees.
Yes thats right, its all my butt!!!
Silly man thought he was just taking stills – although I dont know why I would want a still of my ass!!

Pete got a bit chilly so he headed up – and Francois and I both prefer deepstops, so we completed 2 mins at 17m and then another 4 at around 12m before heading up to our safety stop.

We headed straight down to Middle Arch for dive three and we were all in together.
Andrew and his photography students were cruising around the walls so we all acted as spotters for them if we found something interesting.  Andrew also used his wide angle lens and sat in the archway with the sun behind him for some amazing diver photos.

me at Middle Arch / Photograph by Andrew Simpson

Phew!  So a bit of a long trip report .. but a wicked weekend.
Loving the spring diving and loving my twins.  Now to get the strobe fixed before the next trip!

Dive Data

Dive One @ Barren Arch
|| Depth : 30.3m |  Time :  44 mins |  Used Gas : 85 bar |   SAC Rate : 8.77L/Min | Temperature : 16 degrees
Dive Two @Hope Point
|| Depth : 27.1m |  Time : 59 mins |  Used Gas : 100 bar |  SAC Rate : 7.56L/Min | Temperature :  16 degrees
Dive Three @ Cream Gardens
|| Depth : 36.3m |  Time :  56 mins |  Used Gas : 109 bar |  SAC Rate : 8.46L/min | Temperature : 16 degrees
Dive Four @ Cave Bay
|| Depth : 31.8m |  Time :  39 mins |  Used Gas : 78 bar   |  SAC Rate : 9.26L/Min |  Temperature : 16 degrees
Dive Five @ Middle Arch
|| Depth : 18.1m  |  Time : 67 mins |  Used Gas : 109 bar |  SAC Rate : 8.65L/Min |  Temperature : 16 degrees

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• PADI Enriched Air Nitrox Specialty
  [caption id="attachment_2533" align="aligncenter" width="425" caption=" "][/caption] The PADI Enriched Air Diver cour...

The PADI Enriched Air Diver course is PADI’s most popular specialty scuba diving course, and it’s easy to see why.
The course is now even easier to complete in your own time at your own pace as it is one of the online eLearning courses available through PADI

Scuba diving with enriched air nitrox gives you more no decompression dive time.
This means more time underwater, especially on repetitive scuba dives.

The Fun Part
You can typically stay down longer and get back the water sooner.
No wonder many divers choose this as their very first specialty.

What You Learn

• Techniques for getting more dive time by using enriched air nitrox
• Enriched air scuba diving equipment considerations
• Enriched air considerations, including managing oxygen exposure, how to tell what’s in your scuba tank and how to set your dive computer

The Scuba Gear You Use
You use all the basic scuba gear. Your dive regulator must be enriched air compatible.

Prerequisites
To enroll in the PADI Enriched Air Diver course, you must

• Be 15 years or older
• Have a PADI Open Water Diver certification (or have a qualifying certification from another organization)
  • Ask your PADI Instructor about how you can start your PADI Enriched Air Diver course during your PADI Open Water Diver course.

The Learning Materials You Need
The Enriched Air Diver crewpak includes all required materials* to complete PADI’s Enriched Air Diver specialty.

The Enriched Air Diver Manual covers the procedures for diving with Enriched Air (up to 40%) and the Enriched Air Diving video on DVD demonstrates step-by-step how to plan a dive using multiple dive tables.
The crewpak also includes the 32%, 36% and the DSAT Oxygen Exposure tables.

* The RDP used in the PADI Open Water Diver course is required but not included with this crewpak.

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